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May 23, 2012 |
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Pro-life is a term used in English-speaking countries to refer to those who oppose abortion rights. It was originally used to describe anti-abortion campaigners (by the campaigners themselves), but now embraces other bioethics issues such as euthanasia, human cloning, stem-cell research, and the death penalty. The issue of the death penalty is controversial. Pro-lifers use the term "unborn child" to refer to the zygote, embryo, and fetus up until birth; pro-choice individuals usually use the term "fetus" as a blanket word covering all stages of development until birth. Not all (self described) pro-lifers necessarily hold the Consistent Life Ethic. Some pro-lifers oppose all acts that end human life and argue that opposition to the death penalty is as abhorrent as abortion. Others argue that the death penalty is punishment for murder, justifiably inflicted by lawful authority, but abortion is an attack on innocent human life which could never be considered just. Two strands of thought can be distinguished within the pro-life movement. One appeals to revealed truth or the shared religious values of a society. By this account, every human individual, from conception to natural death, is held to possess an equal value, accorded to him or her by God. Another strand of thought argues in terms of legal philosophy (typically natural law), appealing to the right-to-life as a fundamental human rights|human right which should be guaranteed by law. Rights-oriented pro-life campaigners usually promote specific legal protection and rights for a human unborn child, equal to that of the woman, and they are directly contrasted with their pro-choice opponents. Within this rights-oriented approach to being "pro-life", the unborn is held to be a human being endowed with personhood. (Personhood, on this account, is held to be not something separate from being human nor separate from the the mere possession of life.) Therefore, the arguent goes, the fetus is entitled to equal rights from the moment of conception. The term "pro-life" is often used interchangeably with "anti-abortion." Some in the pro-choice movement argue that "pro-life" is a loaded term implying the unpalatable opposite "pro-death" or "anti-life" instead of their preferred designation, "pro-choice". Both "pro-life" and pro-choice are examples of political framing: terms which define a political position in the best possible light, while simultaneously defining the opposition in the worst possible light (being "anti-life" or "anti-choice"). One method of resolving the dispute is simply to use the terms each group uses for itself. Frequently, this approach is adopted by news organizations or other commentators who wish to remain, or appear to remain, neutral.
Category:Abortion Category:Death penalty Category:Political movements Category:Human rights Category:Bioethics Category:Social justice fr:Pro-vie This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Pro-life".
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